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IMMUNITY - INNATE OR ACQUIRED?

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  Introduction Immunity is the ability of body to resist infection (invasion) caused by foreign agents and to neutralize their effects on body. What brings about immunity? Lymphocytes are the cells which bring about the immunity to the body. On the basis of presence or absence of granulocytes, the WBC’s are classified into two categories: Granulocytes & Agranulocytes. Granulocytes: Consists of 3 types of different cells, namely Eosinophils, Basophils & Neutrophils. Agranulocytes: Consists of 2 types of cells called, Lymphocytes (B and T Lymphocytes) & Monocytes. The cell which is responsible for immune response is the part of the agranulocyte WBC. Different types of Immunities Innate and acquired are the two types of immunity responsible for the immune system of the human body. However, acquired immunity is divided further into cellular and humoral immunity. Innate Immunity: The immunity gain by an individual before birth genetically is called innate ...
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GOUT - A DISORDER OF PURINE NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM

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Introduction Gout is a disorder of purine nucleotide metabolism. Cause joints to become red, tender and swollen. Also, may lead to kidney stones which cause kidney failure .Excessive production of uric acid leads to this condition (more than 7mg/dl). Further these uric acids get precipitated into mono sodium urate crystals which accumulate into joints and cause swelling and inflammation of joint. There are two types of gouts namely, primary gout and secondary gout. Primary Gout: Due to defect in purine nucleotide metabolism Secondary Gout:  Cancer, chemotherapy, psoriasis and renal dysfunction cause this condition.   Signs and Symptoms The most common signs of gout is inflammatory arthritis which is characterized by redness, tenderness and swelling of the affected joint. Usually, the first metatarso pharyngeal joint of great toe is affected (almost in 90% of the cases). As the uric acid levels rise the uric acid gets precipitated and form tophi which gets accumulated in joints...
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CANCER - A TUMOUR CAUSING DISEASE

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Introduction The history of CANCER dates back to era of Hippocrates (460-370 BC).The disease was first called ‘CANCER’ by Hippocrates, who is considered as the father of medicine. Cancer is a disease in which formation of tumours take place. The tumours are formed by certain agents known as Carcinogenic agents. These tumours formed are of two types Benign or Malignant tumours. In 2019 about 18 million new cases occurred annually of cancer and caused about 8.8 million of deaths. What causes CANCER? Carcinogenic agents present in carcinogenic substances cause cancer. The carcinogens are classified into 3 main groups:  CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL & ONCOGENIC VIRUSES. Tobacco used in any forms is the cause about 22% of cancer deaths. Another 10% is by obesity, poor health or excessive drinking of alcohol. Remaining percentage of cancer is caused by ionizing radiations or environmental pollutants. Also 5-10% of cancer is inherited genetically from their parents. Cancer cannot be prevented by...
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